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In 1666, Anders Bording, the father of Danish journalism, began a state paper. Denmark and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. [19] Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs. A sizeable portion of Denmark's terrain consists of rolling plains whilst the coastline is sandy, with large dunes in northern Jutland. On 10 July 1920, Northern Schleswig was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding some 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 square kilometres (1,538sqmi). In 1973, Denmark, together with Greenland but not the Faroes, became a member of what is now the European Union, but negotiated certain opt-outs, such as retaining its own currency, the krone. Because of this "Danization process", several persons of Inuit ancestry now identify their mother tongue as Danish. This led to the so-called Danish-British Gunboat War. [36], The extant Danish monarchy traces its roots back to Gorm the Old, who established his reign in the early 10th century. Danish companies have been influential in the shipping industry with the design of the largest and most energy efficient container ships in the world, the Maersk Triple E class, and Danish engineers have contributed to the design of MAN Diesel engines. [195][196][197] In 1682 the state granted limited recognition to three religious groups dissenting from the Established Church: Roman Catholicism, the Reformed Church and Judaism,[197] although conversion to these groups from the Church of Denmark remained illegal initially. Denmark is a long-time supporter of international peacekeeping, but since the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the War in Afghanistan in 2001, Denmark has also found a new role as a warring nation, participating actively in several wars and invasions. [238][239], Danish mass media date back to the 1540s, when handwritten fly sheets reported on the news. World Development Indicators database, World Bank, 21 September 2018. 1955, neo-surrealism) and Simone Aaberg Krn (b. As a deterrent against this threat, Harald built six fortresses around Denmark called Trelleborg and built a further Danevirke. The easternmost land in Denmark, the Ertholmene archipelago, with an area of 39 hectares (0.16 sq mi), is neither part of a municipality nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence. Denmark elects 175 members to the Folketing, with Greenland and the Faroe Islands electing an additional two members each179 members in total. [N 16] Membership of the Folketing is based on proportional representation of political parties,[91] with a 2% electoral threshold. Danish engineers are world-leading in providing diabetes care equipment and medication products from Novo Nordisk and, since 2000, the Danish biotech company Novozymes, the world market leader in enzymes for first generation starch-based bioethanol, has pioneered development of enzymes for converting waste to cellulosic ethanol. The Constitution of Denmark Sections/Articles 62 and 64. Here's why", "Carl Dreyer:Day of Wrath, Ordet, Gertrud", Wall Paintings in Danish Churches from Panoramas.dk. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Painting has continued to be a prominent form of artistic expression in Danish culture, inspired by and also influencing major international trends in this area. [30] The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark, and Roman coins have been found in Denmark. [225][226] Modesty and social equality are important parts of Danish culture. From the mid-1990s, Danish films have attracted international attention, especially those associated with Dogme 95 like those of Lars von Trier. Retrieved December 6 2018", "OECD Revenue Statistics 2018 Denmark. [20][21][22][23] Denmark is a founding member of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE, and the United Nations; it is also part of the Schengen Area. A rising Christian power in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was an important trading partner for the Danes. [64], Denmark belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Atlantic mixed forests and Baltic mixed forests. They are not administrative divisions, nor subject for any kind of political elections, but are mainly for statistical use. Other time zones used in Greenland and the Faroe Islands include: The Faroese declined membership in 1973; Greenland, The Church of Denmark is the established church (or state religion) in Denmark and Greenland; the, Kristian Andersen Nyrup, Middelalderstudier, "The executive power is vested in the King. It was in the 1960s that Danish architects such as Arne Jacobsen entered the world scene with their highly successful Functionalist architecture. [90], Denmark is a representative democracy with universal suffrage. ", "A Bill passed by the Parliament shall become law if it receives the Royal Assent not later than thirty days after it was finally passed. Constitutional change in 1953 led to a single-chamber parliament elected by proportional representation, female accession to the Danish throne, and Greenland becoming an integral part of Denmark. [107] The provinces of Denmark are statistical divisions of Denmark, positioned between the administrative regions and municipalities. Notable Danish footballers include Allan Simonsen, named the best player in Europe in 1977, Peter Schmeichel, named the "World's Best Goalkeeper" in 1992 and 1993, and Michael Laudrup, named the best Danish player of all time by the Danish Football Union. These include impressionism and the modernist styles of expressionism, abstract painting and surrealism. [49] Denmark kept the possessions of Iceland (which retained the Danish monarchy until 1944), the Faroe Islands and Greenland, all of which had been governed by Norway for centuries. Other Danish filmmakers of note include Erik Balling, the creator of the popular Olsen-banden films; Gabriel Axel, an Oscar-winner for Babette's Feast in 1987; and Bille August, the Oscar-, Palme d'Or- and Golden Globe-winner for Pelle the Conqueror in 1988. Furthermore, around 55,000 serve as volunteers in the Danish Home Guard. In printed media JP/Politikens Hus and Berlingske Media, between them, control the largest newspapers Politiken, Berlingske Tidende and Jyllands-Posten and major tabloids B.T. The national sport is football, with over 320,000 players in more than 1600 clubs. The modern pop and rock scene has produced a few names of international fame, including Aqua, Alphabeat, D-A-D, King Diamond, Kashmir, Lukas Graham, Mew, Michael Learns to Rock, M, Oh Land, The Raveonettes and Volbeat, among others. Folkeskole covers the entire period of compulsory education, encompassing primary and lower secondary education. Danish forces were heavily engaged in the former Yugoslavia in the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR), with IFOR,[119] and now SFOR. [166] The country is a member nation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Denmark was defeated and obliged to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. [186] Danish and Faroese belong to the North Germanic (Nordic) branch of the Indo-European languages, along with Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish. It shares a border of 68 kilometres (42mi) with Germany to the south and is otherwise surrounded by 8,750km (5,437mi) of tidal shoreline (including small bays and inlets). A surge of nationalist movements in the 19th century were defeated in the First Schleswig War of 1848, though the Second Schleswig War of 1864 resulted in further territorial losses to Prussia. Much of its law is customary.[100]. [212] This places Denmark above the OECD average and above the other Nordic countries. [148] The share of the population reporting that they feel that they cannot afford to buy sufficient food in Denmark is less than half of the OECD average. [137][184][185], There are no official statistics on ethnic groups, but according to 2020 figures from Statistics Denmark, 86.11% of the population in Denmark was of Danish descent (including Faroese and Greenlandic), defined as having at least one parent who was born in the Kingdom of Denmark and holds Danish Nationality. There have been three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema: erotic melodrama of the silent era; the increasingly explicit sex films of the 1960s and 1970s; and lastly, the Dogme 95 movement of the late 1990s, where directors often used hand-held cameras to dynamic effect in a conscious reaction against big-budget studios. The traditional cuisine of Denmark, like that of the other Nordic countries and of Northern Germany, consists mainly of meat, fish and potatoes. Copenhagen Airport is Scandinavia's busiest passenger airport, handling over 25 million passengers in 2014. Also inspired by continental practices, Danish chefs have recently developed a new innovative cuisine and a series of gourmet dishes based on high-quality local produce known as New Danish cuisine. In the 20th century, Danes have also been innovative in several fields of the technology sector. On 7 June 2012, the law was replaced by a new same-sex marriage law, which came into effect on 15 June 2012. "Standard Eurobarometer 89, Spring 2018. 1969, superrealism). [53] Iceland severed ties with Denmark and became an independent republic in 1944; Germany surrendered in May 1945. [215] These policies have been criticised for undercutting 'equality before law' and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light. The women's national team celebrated great successes during the 1990s and has won a total of 13 medals seven gold (in 1994, 1996 (2), 1997, 2000, 2002 and 2004), four silver (in 1962, 1993, 1998 and 2004) and two bronze (in 1995 and 2013). This loss came as the latest in the long series of defeats and territorial losses that had begun in the 17th century. Critical treatment paying non-Inuit workers higher wages than the local people, the relocation of entire families from their traditional lands into settlements, and separating children from their parents and sending them away to Denmark for schooling has been practised. [76] Contributing factors to this value are an exceptional high value for cropland but also a relatively high value for grazing land,[77] which may be explained by the substantially high meat production in Denmark (115.8 kilograms (255lb) meat annually per capita) and the large economic role of the meat and dairy industries. [N 14] First written in 1849, it establishes a sovereign state in the form of a constitutional monarchy, with a representative parliamentary system. In 1871, Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia's most successful artists' colonies specialising in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the academy. This article is about the metropolitan Denmark. [citation needed] The Danish Emergency Management Agency employs 2,000 (including conscripts), and about 4,000 are in non-branch-specific services like the Danish Defence Command and the Danish Defence Intelligence Service. In the Thirty Years' War, Christian tried to become the leader of the Lutheran states in Germany but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter. Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages. 169 af 28. juni 1989 vedrrende oprindelige folk og stammefolk i selvstndige stater", Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income EU-SILC survey", "Population at the first day of the quarter by municipality, sex, age, marital status, ancestry, country of origin and citizenship", "Denmark Is Considered The Happiest Country. Eurostat, last data update 20 November 2018, retrieved 6 December 2018", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010 Edition", Living Wages, Rarity for U.S. [19][N 7] The remaining 13.89% were of foreign background, defined as immigrants or descendants of recent immigrants. Danish dishes are highly seasonal, stemming from the country's agricultural past, its geography, and its climate of long, cold winters. ", "The administration of justice shall always remain independent of the executive power. As a member of Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Denmark has for a long time been among the countries of the world contributing the largest percentage of gross national income to development aid. The Folketing is also responsible for adopting the state's budgets, approving the state's accounts, appointing and exercising control of the Government, and taking part in international co-operation. [215][221] While some proposals like restricting 'ghetto children' to their homes after 8 p.m. have been rejected for being too radical, most of the 22 proposals have been agreed upon by a parliamentary majority. Politics in Denmark operate under a framework laid out in the Constitution of Denmark. [169] Other notable airports are Billund Airport, Aalborg Airport, and Aarhus Airport. [243] DR in particular is famous for its high quality TV-series often sold to foreign broadcasters and often with leading female characters like internationally known actresses Sidse Babett Knudsen and Sofie Grbl. On Sweden and Denmark, see Anders Kjellberg and Christian Lyhne Ibsen, Mathias, Peter and Polard, Sidney (eds.) The key indicators. The Kingdom of Denmark includes two overseas territories, both well to the west of Denmark: Greenland, the world's largest island, and the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. 1941, pop art), Michael Kvium (b. Support for free trade is high among the Danish public; in a 2016 poll 57% responded saw globalisation as an opportunity whereas 18% viewed it as a threat. [125][126] It is the 10th most competitive economy in the world, and 6th in Europe, according to the World Economic Forum in its Global Competitiveness Report 2018. [186] Faroese and Greenlandic are the official languages of the Faroe Islands and Greenland respectively. [232] From the 18th century up to the 1970s, the Danish government (Dano-Norwegian until 1814) have through time tried to assimilate the indigenous people of Greenland, the Greenlandic Inuit, encouraging them to adopt the majority language, culture and religion. In 1834, the first liberal, factual newspaper appeared, and the 1849 Constitution established lasting freedom of the press in Denmark. [40] While the Danish colonial empire was sustained by trade with other major powers, and plantations ultimately a lack of resources led to its stagnation.[41]. During the 17th century, many impressive buildings were built in the Baroque style, both in the capital and the provinces. Retrieved 18 December 2018", "The largest companies by turnover in Denmark", "StatBank Denmark, SKTRYK: Tax level by national account groups. The Danish Vikings were most active in the eastern and southern British Isles and Western Europe. Denmark faced war against both Prussia and Austrian Empire in what became known as the Second Schleswig War, lasting from February to October 1864. [51] The nation's first railways were constructed in the 1850s, and improved communications and overseas trade allowed industry to develop in spite of Denmark's lack of natural resources. After the defeat of Germany, the Versailles powers offered to return the region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Denmark has a developed mixed economy that is classed as a high-income economy by the World Bank. The Constitution of Denmark Section 22. The period saw the adoption of the Constitution of Denmark on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy that was established in 1660 and introducing the current parliamentary system. [149] As a result of its acclaimed "flexicurity" model, Denmark has the freest labour market in Europe, according to the World Bank. An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century, Denmark introduced social and labour-market reforms in the early 20th century, which formed the basis for the present welfare state model and advanced mixed economy. [248], The 20th century brought along new architectural styles; including expressionism, best exemplified by the designs of architect Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint, which relied heavily on Scandinavian brick Gothic traditions; and Nordic Classicism, which enjoyed brief popularity in the early decades of the century. Denmark's geography is characterised by flat, arable land, sandy coasts, low elevation, and a temperate climate. [111] Another source comes from the municipalities that had their income taxes raised by 3 percentage points from 1 January 2007, a contribution confiscated from the former county tax to be used from 1 January 2007 for health purposes by the municipalities instead. The larger of the two stones is popularly cited as the "baptismal certificate" (dbsattest) of Denmark,[28] though both use the word "Denmark", in the accusative .mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic Beagnoth","BabelStone Runic Beorhtnoth","BabelStone Runic Beorhtric","BabelStone Runic Beowulf","BabelStone Runic Berhtwald","BabelStone Runic Byrhtferth",Junicode,Kelvinch,"Free Monospaced",Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","San Francisco","New York"} tanmaurk ([danmrk]) on the large stone, and the genitive "tanmarkar" (pronounced [danmarka]) on the small stone, while the dative form tnmarku (pronounced [danmark]) is found on the contemporaneous Skivum stone. In current times, Denmark is participating in many high-profile international science and technology projects, including CERN, ITER, ESA, ISS and E-ELT. [150] Establishing a business can be done in a matter of hours and at very low costs. King Frederick III actively led the defence of the city, rallying its citizens to take up arms, and repelled the Swedish attacks. As of 2011[update], the average car age is 9.2 years.[175]. Fearing German irredentism, Denmark refused to consider the return of the area without a plebiscite; the two Schleswig Plebiscites took place on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. The astronomical discoveries of Tycho Brahe (15461601), Ludwig A. Colding's (18151888) neglected articulation of the principle of conservation of energy, and the contributions to atomic physics of Niels Bohr (18851962) indicate the range of Danish scientific achievement. The Protestant Reformation spread to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the Count's Feud civil war, Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536. Denmark's northernmost point is Skagen point (the north beach of the Skaw) at 57 45' 7" northern latitude; the southernmost is Gedser point (the southern tip of Falster) at 54 33' 35" northern latitude; the westernmost point is Blvandshuk at 8 4' 22" eastern longitude; and the easternmost point is sterskr at 15 11' 55" eastern longitude. Neither the Faroe Islands nor Greenland are members of the European Union, the Faroese having declined membership of the EEC in 1973 and Greenland in 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies. Denmark's armed forces are known as the Danish Defence (Danish: Forsvaret). [167], Denmark exported roughly 460 million GJ of energy in 2018. The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm. [170] Copenhagen has a rapid transit system, the Copenhagen Metro, and an extensive electrified suburban railway network, the S-train. German is the second-most spoken foreign language, with 47% reporting a conversational level of proficiency. In recent history Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Retrieved 18 December 2018", "The Danish Government: Denmark's Convergence Programme 2018, p. 8. Lars Ulrich, the drummer of the band Metallica, has become the first Danish musician to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Post-glacial rebound raises the land by a bit less than 1cm (0.4in) per year in the north and east, extending the coast. [102] However, decisions by the highest courts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands may be appealed to the Danish High Courts. There are seven heritage sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in Northern Europe: Christiansfeld, a Moravian Church Settlement, the Jelling Mounds (Runic Stones and Church), Kronborg Castle, Roskilde Cathedral, and The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand and 3 in the World Heritage list in North America: Ilulissat Icefjord, Aasivissuit Nipisat, Kujataa within the Kingdom of Denmark. [104], Greenland and the Faroe Islands have their own home governments and parliaments and are effectively self-governing in regards to domestic affairs apart from the judicial system and monetary policy. The monarch officially retains executive power and presides over the Council of State (privy council). Cod, herring and plaice are abundant culinary fish in Danish waters and form the basis for a large fishing industry. Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector. Benefit generosity. Danish neutrality was violated in World War II following a swift German invasion in April 1940. Most etymological dictionaries and handbooks derive "Dan" from a word meaning "flat land",[26] related to German Tenne "threshing floor", English den "cave". [148], Like other Nordic countries, Denmark has adopted the Nordic Model, which combines free market capitalism with a comprehensive welfare state and strong worker protection. Retrieved 6 December 2018. Denmark resembles Norway and Sweden in never having developed a case-law like that of England and the United States nor comprehensive codes like those of France and Germany. Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Norway was absorbed into Sweden, leaving Denmark with the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. A major feature of Danish culture is Jul (Danish Christmas). King Christian IV attacked Sweden in the 16111613 Kalmar War but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing it to return to the union. [230], In 2009, a referendum on changing the Danish Act of Succession were held to grant absolute primogeniture to the Danish throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. They have been integrated parts of the Danish Realm since the 18th century; however, due to their separate historical and cultural identities, these parts of the Realm have extensive political powers and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields. The role of taxes and transfers", "Sources and impact of rising inequality in Denmark", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income EU-SILC survey. The island of Bornholm is located east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. The four cities with populations over 100,000 are the capital Copenhagen on Zealand; Aarhus and Aalborg in Jutland; and Odense on Funen. Poll performed in December 2009 among 1114 Danes between ages 18 and 74, Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes, List of urban areas in Denmark by population, mutual intelligibility between Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX), The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand, "Bekendtgrelse af ILO-konvention nr. The holiday is celebrated throughout December, starting either at the beginning of Advent or on 1 December with a variety of traditions, culminating with the Christmas Eve meal. [215][216][217] In 2017, 8.7% of Denmark's population consisted of non-Western immigrants or their descendants. The Inuit are indigenous to Greenland in the Kingdom and have traditionally inhabited Greenland and the northern parts of Canada and Alaska in the Arctic. Throughout the High and Late Middle Ages, Denmark also included Skneland (the areas of Scania, Halland, and Blekinge in present-day south Sweden) and Danish kings ruled Danish Estonia, as well as the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. The Constitution of Denmark Section 17. Publication date April 2018, retrieved 18 December 2018", "Ny undersgelse: I dag er statens udgifter til dagpenge tre gange mindre end i 1995 | Information", "Denmark Confirms Participation in E-ELT", "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? As the executive branch, the Cabinet is responsible for proposing bills and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies of Denmark. Additionally, roughly two in five have complementary private insurance to cover services not fully covered by the state, such as physiotherapy. Denmark has a temperate climate, characterised by mild winters, with mean temperatures in January of 1.5C (34.7F), and cool summers, with a mean temperature in August of 17.2C (63.0F). Denmark's architecture became firmly established in the Middle Ages when first Romanesque, then Gothic churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country. The Minister of Defence is commander-in-chief of the Danish Defence, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad. Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna, they were soon joined by P.S. Although once extensively forested, today Denmark largely consists of arable land. The war led to no territorial changes, but Sweden was forced to pay a war indemnity of 1 million silver riksdaler to Denmark, an amount known as the lvsborg ransom. In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. The kingdom has a total population of 5,958,380. [177][178][179] This has been attributed to the country's highly regarded education and health care systems,[180] and its low level of income inequality. Retrieved 6 December 2018", "Economic Freedom of the World: 2011 Annual Report Complete Publication (2.7 MB)", The Worst Places On The Planet To Be A Worker, "Tackling income inequality. These territories are self-governing under their own parliaments (the Lgting and Inatsisartut) and form, together with continental Denmark, part of the Danish Realm. The foreign policy of Denmark is substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union (EU); Denmark including Greenland joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the EU's predecessor, in 1973. Spanning a total area of 42,943km2 (16,580sqmi),[9] it consists of the peninsula of Jutland and an archipelago of 443 named islands,[18] of which the largest are Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. [65][66] Almost all of Denmark's primeval temperate forests have been destroyed or fragmented, chiefly for agricultural purposes during the last millennia. Another Danish philosopher of note is Grundtvig, whose philosophy gave rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark, and who is also influential for his theological and historical works. Historians believe that before their arrival, most of Jutland and the nearest islands were settled by tribal Jutes. Last update 31 October 2018. Trade unions developed, starting in the 1870s. Seeing an opportunity to tear up the Treaty of Brmsebro, King Frederick III of Denmark, in 1657, declared war on Sweden, the latter being deeply involved in the Second Northern War (16551660), and marched on Bremen-Verden. Later that year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway. [7] In 1397, it joined Norway and Sweden to form the Kalmar Union, which persisted until the latter's secession in 1523. However, this has had little effect, and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars,[174] as the cost for older carsincluding taxeskeeps them within the budget of many Danes. In the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark traded with both France and the United Kingdom and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia, Sweden, and Prussia. [35], Denmark was largely consolidated by the late 8th century and its rulers are consistently referred to in Frankish sources as kings (reges). With a network of bicycle routes extending more than 12,000km[172] and an estimated 7,000km[173] of segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes, Denmark has a solid bicycle infrastructure. While Denmark's trading posts in India were of little note, it played an important role in the highly lucrative Atlantic slave trade, through its trading outposts in Fort Christiansborg in Osu, Ghana through which 1.5 million slaves were traded. 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