white merle french bulldog

The defect merle gene is incompletely dominant - when a Mm carrier is bred to a non-merle mm carrier with normal genes, still in the worst case 2 puppies out of 4 could be expected to inherit this merle gene mutation. all puppies do not survive, some can have defective eyes or ears Homozygous negatively affect all carriers. Word for word translation of the original French text in the FCI breed standard: In conformity with Section 11b of the German Animal Protection Act the Board of Agruculture investigation recommends prohibition of breedings with two merle-carriers MM or Mm because of the risk for the various defects involved in the Merle-syndrome. DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: - Recent observations by Barsh, Murphy, Schmutz et al. From the beginning Dr. C.C. Little placed the gene for brindle in the E-series for Extension, as the allele e(br) - which could also be expressed only in the presence of the allele for yellow, a(y). COLOUR: - yellow eyes can also be seen Standard FCI N101 / 06.04.1998 / F - The basic yellow/red or black/brown pigment colours in the breed should never be regarded as markings - they are the primary coat colour, even when white markings (without any pigment) are overflowing in pied s[p] or extreme whites s[w] Frenchies. Evidently, a French Bulldog may not according to the breed standard carry both black/brown and yellow/red areas in the coat, because "black and fire" is mentioned among Disqualifying faults. - there are no alleles on the M-locus in French Bulldogs. White markings i.e.various extensions of areas without pigments are characterized by the alleles: In genetics a uniform, solid coat colour - without any white markings, as in the Pug - is characterized by the letter S. S(p) A piebald or pied French Bulldog has a black/brown or yellow/red coat colour, with or without brindle stripes - and medium sized white markings. Also other primary coat colours are faded on irregular patches by the Merle There may possibly be a few so called tickings, on the T-locus - that is round, unfaded black dots - accepted, but not desired, according to the French Bulldog breed standard. - Yeux htrochromes. S(i) = small white markings - as in the Irish rat, and in Boston Terriers Evidently, a French Bulldog may not according to the breed standard carry both black/brown and yellow/red areas in the coat, because "black and fire" is mentioned among Disqualifying faults. According to The American Boxer Club the percentages are similar. IN BULLDOG VARIETIES - HAMMERHEAD KENNELS U.S.A.: The inheritance of brindle has been disputed. When a dog presents a very dark nose, dark eyes, surrounded by dark rims on the inner lids, French bulldogs carry the same colour genes as Boxers and Bullterriers. - but so can also extreme white Frenchies when they are place the brindle gene on the K-locus, which regulates the distribution of black/brown pigment. White markings are not allowed to cover more than 1/3 of the Boxer body - excess white disqualifies Boxers from breeding and showing, according to the AKC standard among others, although white puppies are accepted for registration. Commentariess: These pigment free white markings (fr. The regulation of how the two are expressed is conducted by the agouti protein. -----------snip---------- *One must never breed two carriers of the dominant M or M[c] toghether* - double merle could cause organ defects and low vitality to the puppies. N.B. Puppies should also be BAER tested before selling, just like Bullterriers and Dalmatians. 'panachure') can be totally absent (the S-locus for solid colour, i.e. If any one individual carries two of the genes on the M-locus: M= merle, M[c]= cryptic merle or m= normal non-merle gene - or else deductibly is white on the S-locus s[w], s[p] etc. Lorsqu'un chien prsentera une truffe trs fonce, des yeux sombres entours de paupires fonces, breed standard for French Bulldogs - and lightly coloured eyes is mentioned as a fault. means Blackbird (latin: Turdus Merula) and they can evidently also carry the merle-mutation - seen on this photo by the Dutch photographer Luud Riphagen. From the beginning Dr. C.C. The reason is that att the absence of pigmentation in itself predisposes for skin problems and defects in ears and eyes - Faded merle patches can sometimes be seen on newborn puppies, Follow this link address for photos of different O.E.B. This evenly blue/gray shade may be the "mouse gray" coat colour mentioned as a disqualification in all French Bulldog breed standards. In pied Frenchies the more or less brindled, black colour is clear and clean - i.e. ), Both the dilute-allele [d] and the merle factor [M] in Merle is sometimes also a deadly, lethal defect gene You can't see any merle pattern, but she could give this dominant merle gene on to her puppies. - but so can also extreme white Frenchies when they are Uniformment colore fauve, bringe ou non, ou panachure limite. as explained above. Look at the light yellow chihuahua photographed on Dr. S. Schmutz' web page about merle. Olde English Bulldogge. s [p[ allele was named after the magpie bird - An eye could be abnormally small or lack some inner parts, like for example a reflective layer called tapetum behind the retina, which is ment to give the dog better vision in the dark. and defects in other vital organs, heart failures are common etc. Please note that: But now the Merle pattern has been presumed to be a very old mutation, present in the genome of the common ancestor to all dog breeds. noir-et-feu, is a disqualifying colour pattern. Agouti-locus codes for the distribution of pigment, both in the individual hair and in the entire coat. - Half deaf Frenchies live normal lives, but can pass deafness on to their puppies. THE MERLE GENE AND WHITE COAT COLOUR WITHOUT MELANIN PIGMENT (Prof. L. Andersson et al. probably M[c]m). s [p[ allele was named after the magpie bird - Its allele k(br) - brindling creates black streaks on a yellow/fawn background. Follow the link to read the official investigation - search for: blau. by the Merle-gene with the even dilution of all the basic colour (leaving no undiluted primary colour) caused by the dilute-allele on D-locus, dd creating Olde English Bulldogge, , THE KC: REGISTRATION OF MERLE FRENCH BULLDOGS, Both the dilute-allele [d] and the merle factor [M], In conformity with Section 11b of the German Animal Protection Act, the official - Eyes of different colours. with no white markings) - or be present to various extent under the influence of three alleles: either small, medium or overflowing markings, as in entirely white dogs, which consequently lack colour pigments in their coat and skin. The regulation of how the two are expressed is conducted by the agouti protein. The defect merle gene is incompletely dominant - when a Mm carrier is bred to a non-merle mm carrier with normal genes, still in the worst case 2 puppies out of 4 could be expected to inherit this merle gene mutation. Eyes of different colour is a disqualification in the F.C.I. PHOTO SURVEY OF ALL COAT COLORS AND MERLE PATTERNS According to The American Boxer Club the percentages are similar. IN BULLDOG VARIETIES - HAMMERHEAD KENNELS U.S.A.: White markings i.e.various extensions of areas without pigments are characterized by the alleles: At the request of the French Bulldog breed clubs, the Kennel Club has agreed that it will no longer accept the registration of any merle French Bulldogs from 1st January 2013. Dogs carrying the merle M gene in single or double setting - or white coat on the S-locus - can have various defects in one or both eyes. The cryptic merle gene is shorter. Those ever more frequent tricoloured Frenchies with yellow, black and white coat colour patches should consequently not be award winners in shows. DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: - var monthArray = new Array("January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"); It is important to dna-test possible merle carriers well in advance of a mating. If any one individual carries two of the genes on the M-locus: M= merle, M[c]= cryptic merle or m= normal non-merle gene - or else deductibly is white on the S-locus s[w], s[p] etc. FCI breed standard in French concerning the colours (follow the link to the complete standard text): The reason is that att the absence of pigmentation in itself predisposes for skin problems and defects in ears and eyes - Breeding for these defect mutations is of course a serious violation of the coat colour disqualification stipulations in the official breed standards. Better not to talk, not to see and not to listen? - totally without any pigment. THE MERLE GENE AND WHITE COAT CAN ALSO CAUSE HEARING IMPAIRMENTS but gradually disappear and are invisible after one or a few weeks. The Merle gene is concealed by white and by yellow and other light coat colours: In colour genetics this fawn colour is called agouti, 'tan' or 'sabel' and is described as the allele a(y) =yellow. CAN CAUSE EYE MALFORMATIONS Follow this link address for photos of different O.E.B. All shades of fawn are admitted, from red to caf au lait. Homozygous Entirely white dogs are classified among "brindled fawn with overflowing markings". Fauve bringe ou non, panachure moyenne ou envahissante. '0'+lastUpdate.getDate() : lastUpdate.getDate(); Do not confuse the irregular patches of fading primary coat colour caused coding for a certain transcription factor (MITF). - The basic yellow/red or black/brown pigment colours in the breed should never be regarded as markings - they are the primary coat colour, even when white markings (without any pigment) are overflowing in pied s[p] or extreme whites s[w] Frenchies. can only be detected with certainty by a DNA analysis for merle. Follow the link to read the official investigation - search for: blau. Tapetum lucidum in dogs is normally reflected by the flashlight as grey, green, yellow or white - click to see the photos enlarged: These pigment free white markings (fr. and is then called cryptic merle in hidden carriers. (1935) J. Hered. The "jumping" Merle gene is a retrotransposon, which fades the normal hair colour at random on uneven patches into a lighter shade, co-existing with the primary coat colour - in this case black was faded into a greyish blue. can be detected in all tested dogs, carrying the alleles for piebaldism, those with medium sized white markings s(p) and the ones with overflowing white markings s(w) extreme white, also called extreme piebald.MITF has not been detected in dogs with solid coat colour without white markings (S), and not in dogs with small white markings in the allele s(i). According to the geneticist and dog show judge Clarence Cook Little, The Inheritance of Coat a uniform so called blue (or a uniform gray) or very pale red, or weak yellow coat colour - with or without ordinary white markings. Fawn brindled or not, with medium or overflowing markings. S(w) = overflowing white markings - extreme white, as in entirely white Frenchies. - Truffe de couleur autre que le noir. Merle can be a common gene in different types of American bulldogs: Merle (French) or Merel (Germ.) without any irregular faded patches of grayish blue against the medium sized white areas. When a dog presents a very dark nose, dark eyes, surrounded by dark rims on the inner lids, COULEUR : by the Merle-gene with the even dilution of all the basic colour (leaving no undiluted primary colour) caused by the dilute-allele on D-locus, dd creating - Truffe de couleur autre que le noir. Les chiens entirement blancs sont classs dans les "fauve bring panachure blanche envahissante". - Yeux htrochromes. - S(p) A piebald or pied French Bulldog has a black/brown or yellow/red coat colour, with or without brindle stripes - and medium sized white markings. var thisMonth=monthArray[lastUpdate.getMonth()]; a few pigment losses in the face can exceptionally be tolerated in very beautiful specimens. Where the Merle gene has a double influence on the hair pigment the colour becomes white, i.e. Agouti-locus codes for the distribution of pigment, both in the individual hair and in the entire coat. Almost 20% of prof. Strain's BAER-tested white Bullterriers were deaf on one or both ears, compared to more than 1% of the coloured ones. "For the sake of completeness is also referred to the fifth colour variety in this breed. Since this band length can change when the gene is passed on to a puppy, it is possible for it to change from merle to cryptic OR from cryptic to merle between a parent and the offspring. This allele may cause CDA Color Dilution Alopecia - a special kind of hair loss. White markings i.e.various extensions of areas without pigments are characterized by the alleles: All shades of fawn are allowed in the breed standard, from red to 'coffee with milk'. All shades of fawn are allowed in the breed standard, from red to 'coffee with milk'. Little placed the gene for brindle in the E-series for Extension, as the allele e(br) - which could also be expressed only in the presence of the allele for yellow, a(y). FCI breed standard in French concerning the colours (follow the link to the complete standard text): This merle mutation in the SILV gene was detected with a DNA test by GenMARK - but results have been unreliable and the testing has been discontinued. without any irregular faded patches of grayish blue against the medium sized white areas. Only dogs genetically carrying the allele for agouti, yellow/red a(y) can display brindle streaks on the entire body. Dogs who are genetically MM sometimes have one or two blue eyes An even mouse gray dilute colour in coat and eyes - -----------snip---------- - never to breed white and white - and this rule of thumb is still valid today: because such breedings earlier did result in deaf Frenchies and in Frenchies with low vitality, who had to be euthanized at the age of one and two years old. Standard FCI N101 / 06.04.1998 / F THE MERLE GENE AND WHITE COAT COLOUR WITHOUT MELANIN PIGMENT Color in Dogs, 1957 which is the fundamental work in this field, by the Merle-gene with the even dilution of all the basic colour (leaving no undiluted primary colour) caused by the dilute-allele on D-locus, dd creating The coat colour pigments may according to the breed standard be visible in streaks - brindle - or without brindling. The transcription factor MITF, which may cause various malformations in the eye, Only dogs genetically carrying the allele for agouti, yellow/red a(y) can display brindle streaks on the entire body. Fawn brindled or not, with medium or overflowing markings. and defects in other vital organs, heart failures are common etc. All shades of fawn are admitted, from red to caf au lait. - Nose of colour other than black. Dogs have a mixture of brown/black and red/yellow pigment grains in their coats - and the alleles on A-locus in the chromosome influence on how this is expressed in each dog. In pied Frenchies the more or less brindled, black colour is clear and clean - i.e. The coat may also according to the breed standard have more or less extended white markings - which totally lack colour pigments. - This allele may cause CDA Color Dilution Alopecia - a special kind of hair loss. S(w) = overflowing white markings - extreme white, as in entirely white Frenchies. The coat colour pigments may according to the breed standard be visible in streaks - brindle - or without brindling. Even those are unfortunately often deaf, or have impaired hearing on one or both ears. PHOTO SURVEY OF ALL COAT COLORS AND MERLE PATTERNS The colour markings are the same as in French Bulldogs. Les chiens entirement blancs sont classs dans les "fauve bring panachure blanche envahissante". - Merle can be a common gene in different types of American bulldogs: merle pattern varieties. Even those are unfortunately often deaf, or have impaired hearing on one or both ears. FCI breed standard in French, all tested dogs, carrying the alleles for piebaldism, STYLE="color:#FFFFFF;text-decoration:none;font-size:10pt; - BAER tested for hearing, prior to breeding. In colour genetics this fawn colour is called agouti, 'tan' or 'sabel' and is described as the allele a(y) =yellow. Its allele k(br) - brindling creates black streaks on a yellow/fawn background. - Entirely white dogs are classified among "brindled fawn with overflowing markings". var lastUpdate = new Date(document.lastModified); - Coat colours black and fire, mouse grey, chestnut brown. Evidently, a French Bulldog may not according to the breed standard carry both black/brown and yellow/red areas in the coat, because "black and fire" is mentioned among Disqualifying faults. homozygous on the S-locus, s [w]s [w]. Its allele k(br) - brindling creates black streaks on a yellow/fawn background. Half deaf Frenchies live normal lives, but can pass deafness on to their puppies. Both S- and M-alleles are known to cause among other defects impaired hearing or deafness. latin: pica pica. font-face:Arial, Verdana, Sans-serif">. An eye lacking the tapetum can be detected by a camera flashlight through a dilated pupil - just like in people (who dont't have a tapetum lucidum) - the flash will reflect the red blood vessels behind the retina at the bottom of the eyes. In pied Frenchies the more or less brindled, black colour is clear and clean - i.e. It is this variety, which causes serious problems in those dog breeds, where merle is a desired pattern: merle pattern varieties. MM is predominanty white and called double white merle in dogs. - Prof. George Strain who developed the method recommends not to use any sedation during the testing - it is usually not necessary and an unnecessary cost as well as an unnecessary risk. Uppermost in this series is K, which codes for dominant black/brown pigment, without any visible red/yellow pigment being expressed.

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