plex docker intel quick sync

Windows and Linux devices using Intel hardware-accelerated encoding do not have any artificial limit to the number of simultaneous videos. Youll want to ensure the operating system/firmware of the NAS is up-to-date. JavaScript is disabled. Exact capabilities will depend on what youre using for the hardware-accelerated encoding (e.g. I'm not 100% if that actually uses the Intel iGPU over the Nvidia card as I removed the dGPU before testing. Some devices have additional limitations on hardware-accelerated video decoding. I have just finished installing plex in a Proxmox container (not pass through in a WM) and Hardware Transcoding is working. JavaScript is disabled. Hardware transcoding in Plex requires the paid Plex Pass or lifetime pass. Specifically to use the Intel Quick Sync functionality built-in to most modern Intel CPU graphics units. High-quality videos, especially 4K and HEVC videos, can stream more smoothly. You must log in or register to reply here. it should show both on the terminal and the installer logs, I cant remember the file name, but might still be in the /tmp folder. Has anyone managed to configure passing through an Intel Rocket Lake (11th gen) IGPU so that Quicksync/Hardware Transcoding is available for Plex? macOS hardware-accelerated encoding is only available at 480p or higher. I have 6 4k cameras coming into Blue Iris and these are the performance stats provided to me via Task Manager. When hardware acceleration is turned on, Plex Media Server will use the dedicated video decoder and encoder hardware support in your computer/device to convert videos, letting you stream HD or 4K video more smoothly and stream to more devices at once. If you look at the transcoder in htop, you can see the ffmpeg commands it uses. Tens of thousands of happy customers have a Proxmox subscription. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. (For instance, output from a Sandy Bridge Intel processor typically wont look as good as from a Kaby Lake processor. We offer full engineering support and work with the best and most updated software programs for design SolidWorks and Mastercam. Compatible TerraMaster NAS devices require Plex Media Server 1.13.9 or newer. Thank you for helping us improve our articles. I believe there is an issue with current nvidia drivers and the Linux 5.9 kernel. We think our community is one of the best thanks to people like you! By continuing to browse this site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Used gear can be had quite cheaply now, the i5 8500 used here was $110 off of eBay. Want to run OPNsense in a VM? However, is it possible to get hardware transcoding through Intel QuickSync to work when the Plex Server is running in a container? Some of you will think I'm crazy but I run my Perfect Media Server in a VM with an LSI HBA card passed through. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Actually I take that back.. hw encoding seems to be working, except when you are playing an HDR encoded video and HDR tone mapping is enabled. Thanks for contributing an answer to Ask Ubuntu! I'm no expert but in the immortal words of Jeremy Clarkson, how hard can it be? Less power draw means less heat and lower electricity bills - what's not to like?! Get your own in 60 seconds. More like San Francis-go (Ep. If your computer has one of these GPUs, please install the latest NVIDIA drivers for Windows or AMD drivers for Windows to make sure that Plex can use your dedicated graphics card when Intel Quick Sync Video becomes unavailable. Using an NVIDIA graphics card with QNAP requires Plex Media Server v1.15.1.791 or newer. Would you go skydiving without a parachute? Lower resolutions will use normal software encoding. Linux support for 9th-generation Intel Core (Coffee Lake) or after requires Plex Media Server v1.17.0 or newer. (Hardware-accelerated video encoders are faster, but provide lower-quality output than software encoders are capable of. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. Register for the iXsystems Community to get an ad-free experience and exclusive discounts in our eBay Store. yes i am currently running Turenas Scale nightly the only things you need to get Nvidia GPU hardware acceleration work is running 4 commands, I am currently running Turenas Scale on an AMD Ryzen 7 3800X 8-Core Processor 32 Gig's of 3200 Mhz ram asus x570 tuf board. You can refer to that vendor documentation for specifics. In our case, we'll use the Quick Sync portion of the iGPU to transcode Plex H264 streams in one VM and Blue Iris streams in another. Raid is not a backup! Announcing the Stacks Editor Beta release! If you're not convinced yet, take a look this video from Wendell who explains in a lot of detail why this technology is so cool! Removing that fixed it, though now I can't use a monitor for debugging without editing the grub config on the fly at boot. Click Add -> PCI Device. Ask Ubuntu is a question and answer site for Ubuntu users and developers. In the quality settings of the Plex player app, reduce the video quality to force Plex Media Server to convert the video (for example, select, Use the toggle at the top right of the Now Playing area to expose additional details of the playback, When hardware acceleration is being used, you should see. QNAP TS-364 w/ 2 * Western Digital RED 4TB Raid 1. No /dev/dri directory in Ubuntu Server 20.04, San Francisco? As I said earlier, I did not have to install the packages. Compatible FreeBSD servers require Plex Media Server 1.13.9 or newer. If I want steaming or news, I'll go find it elsewhere. However by default they use the CPU which adds a lot of overhead. To check to see if hardware acceleration is being used during a video playback: If your Docker host has access to a supported CPU with the Intel Quick Sync feature set and you are a current Plex Pass subscriber, you can bind mount the relevant kernel device to the container. Proudly powered by WordPress. You do not need to restart Plex Media Server after saving the changes. Under Blue Iris settings ensure you have Cameras -> Hardware accelerated decode enabled and set to Intel. Here are the steps I did to enable Intel Quicksync/Hardware Transcoding and install Plex: 1. You already modified /etc/modules in the previous step, you'll want to add kvmgt as well in that file. /dev/dri/ directory to be made available to the container - but the /dev/dri/ directory does not exist. Intels rumoured upcoming XE graphics card might support it but until then, we'll have to make do with the iGPU in your CPU. Proxmox by default does not give LXC containers access to the GPU. A recent Intel CPU meeting these requirements: 2nd-generation Intel Core (Sandy Bridge, 2011) or newer (we recommend 5th-gen Broadwell or newer for the best experience; Sandy Bridge, in particular, is known to sometimes have poor visual output on some systems). If you needed even more convincing, take a look at the following numbers and see just how incredibly power efficient Quick Sync is compared to software based transcoding with Plex. *Note: Our hardware-transcoding system has technical support for many dedicated AMD graphics cards, but we havent done official, full testing on those. Repeat these steps for the second VM you'd like to use the iGPU with. 2 min read. I run both PLEX and Jellyfin in Docker containers on my homelab and I have found Jellyfin to "just work" better. rev2022.8.2.42721. hardware transcoding through Intel QuickSync. Related Page: Wikipedia: Intel Quick Sync Video (encoding/decoding) In the second VM I run Blue Iris, my NVR software of choice. Tip! Support for AMD GPUs is provided as is and your mileage may vary. If your computer has an NVIDIA GPU, please install the latest Latest NVIDIA drivers for Linux to make sure that Plex can use your NVIDIA graphics card for video encoding (only) when Intel Quick Sync Video becomes unavailable. PCI passthrough requires a very particular set of hardware although things now are easier than they used to be a few years ago. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. At Furnel, Inc. we understand that your projects deserve significant time and dedication to meet our highest standard of quality and commitment. Some specific devices make use of Hardware-Accelerated Streaming by default. Exact capabilities will depend on what youre using for the hardware-accelerated decoding (e.g. Take the iGPU and give a VM, or multiple VMs, a slice of that graphics chip to do with whatever it wants. We'll take it from here. I think you'll agree, very acceptable. This is a driver limitation from NVIDIA. This is unexpected, and users should report these issues to Plex in our. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. This is especially true and more noticeable when streaming at resolutions below 720p or when using lower bit rate source material. Furnel, Inc. is dedicated to providing our customers with the highest quality products and services in a timely manner at a competitive price. We aim to provide a wide range of injection molding services and products ranging from complete molding project management customized to your needs. To make use of a NVIDIA graphics card for hardware-accelerated streaming on QNAP: If more than one NVIDIA card is installed and configured to QTS mode, Plex Media Server will only be able to make use of the first available card for hardware-accelerated streaming. (To the extent that they can exist in JavaScript). Just enable Use hardware acceleration in transcoder settings. Not sure if this is expected with Intel Quick Sync or if this should still be working? Your email address will not be published. I have a headless Intel NUC 11PAKi5 (with i5-1135G7 CPU and integrated Iris Xe Graphics + Quick Sync), running Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS. Want to play video games in a VM? Quick Sync is capable of a 4k transcode at 35w! Your daily dose of entertainment hot takes. Navigate to the VM you'd like to configure. https://support.plex.tv/articles/200250377-transcoding-media Of all things to be concerned about I wouldnt consider a media transcoder to be one of them. You've already provided feedback for this article, thank you. Create, organize, and store your collections. 10th and 11th gen Intel CPU's no longer support GVT-g, https://support.plex.tv/articles/23ing-for-supported-linux-server-distributions/, https://herold.space/proxmox-lxc-intel-quick-sync-for-plex/, https://blog.konpat.me/dev/2019/03/11/setting-up-lxc-for-intel-gpu-proxmox.html, https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases, https://github.com/linuxserver/docker-plex/issues/297, https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/tag/21.49.21786, Ubuntu Server 21.10 VM running Plex on Docker. Is that no longer the case? Giving the container access to the hardware for GPU based transcoding requires adding a couple of lines to your container configuration - I use docker-compose. The following are required in general for Hardware-Accelerated Streaming, regardless of your operating system: Related Page: Intel Quick Sync Video capable processors. for some reason the nvidia transcoding isn't working for me on a vanilla installation of 20.12. Full details in episode 34 of Self-Hosted (releases on Friday 18th Dec 2020). moment for me. Hardware-Accelerated Streaming is turned on by default for everyone on these devices. Windows and Linux devices using NVIDIA GeForce graphic cards are limited to hardware-accelerated encoding of 2 videos at a time. Is any finite-dimensional algebra a sub-algebra of a finite-group algebra? To convert videos faster and with less processing power, you can turn on Hardware-Accelerated Streaming in Plex Media Server. macOS is only capable of hardware-accelerated encoding of 1 video at a time. What is the music theory related to a bass progression of descending augmented 4th from ^7 to ^4? It is recommended that you use Intel Quick Sync Video or a dedicated NVIDIA GPU. OMV 6x amd64 running on an HP N54L Microserver. 2 min read, 18 Nov 2021 Enjoy your own media on all your devices with the Plex Media Server. Looks like you already left that comment. What is a wind chill formula that will work from -10 C to +50 C and uses wind speed in km/h? In those cases, normal software decoding without hardware acceleration will automatically be used. Select the device 0000:00:02.0 (this doesn't appear to change in my testing between different machines) and then from the MDev Type drop down note that you have two options. To provide reliable Hardware-Accelerated Streaming across a variety of hardware and platforms, Plex Media Server supports several different hardware acceleration engines. If you would like to use all features of this site, it is mandatory to enable JavaScript. I did an episode of Linux Unplugged where we went into full details on passthrough. Videos can start streaming faster and buffer less often. Passthrough a dedicated NIC card. If the hardware video engine fails to decode or encode a video, Plex will seamlessly switch to using software without causing an error. Passing through an entire GPU is very useful for specific tasks but isn't a very efficient use of resources. Modify /etc/default/grub so that it looks like this when done: Regenerate initramfs with update-initramfs -u -k all and reboot. 468), Monitoring data quality with Bigeye(Ep. Wouldn't it be nice if we could slice up 1 GPU and use it with multiple VMs at once? It only takes a minute to sign up. ), Earlier generations of hardware typically have lower-quality output than newer generations. . You can refer to that vendor documentation for specifics. Exciting updates and our latest releases. Command runs now, but still no love for the HW encoding. Related Page: Enabling Hardware Transcoding for Docker. You are using an out of date browser. So far both applications are happy with a few transcodes running on the iGPU with maybe 8-10% CPU usage for each. The Proxmox community has been around for many years and offers help and support for Intel Quick Sync Video capable processors, Intel Quick Sync Video (encoding/decoding), Using plex.tv resources information to troubleshoot app connections. For example, limiting to a certain resolution (1080p or 4K), limiting frame rate, limiting video profile, or limiting chroma subsampling. Furnel, Inc. has been successfully implementing this policy through honesty, integrity, and continuous improvement. ", The Expanse: Sustained Gs during space travel, Mimimizing a monomial function subject to inequality constraints, reverse translation from amino acid string to DNA strings, Debugging gurobipy VRP implementation output that gives no error message, Does sitecore child item in draft state gets published when deep=1 is set on Parent, History of italicising variables and mathematical formatting in general. Chi squared test with reasonable sample size results in R warning. Plex allows you to aggregate all your personal media and access it anywhere you go. It used to be a slightly modified fork of FFmpeg/libav. Unfortunately those drivers are still in the experimental repo for Debian and I have had a heck of a time trying to get them installed, which to be fair, might be a bad idea anyway :). : Hardware-accelerated streaming is a premium feature and requires an active Plex Pass subscription. Your browser has JavaScript disabled. Thanks in advance! Some formats are not compatible with hardware acceleration for decoding. If your Windows computer also has a dedicated graphics card, such as an NVIDIA or AMD* GPU, some functions of Intel Quick Sync Video may become unavailable when the GPU is in use. You should install the Intel drivers in the container. Proxmox Full Disk Encryption with SSH Remote Unlock. Plex Media Server uses hardware-accelerated H.264 encoding when available. These are special cases, in that an active Plex Pass subscription is not required for the functionality. Related Page: Wikipedia: NVIDIA hardware decoding. ), Some rare video formats may play incorrectly on certain devices. verify this buy loading plex up with latest tag and check the console search for code check warning, errors, info, and you will see what i see see attached img, So should these nvidia cuda packages be installed and configured by default or is this something we should be installing as an end user? More videos can often stream at the same time. Save settings and exit BIOS (usually F10 key). What I did wrong in the failing attempts was: I will create a new post later today but if that gets deleted again I give up. Automatic setting up of the Intel device plugin should be included next version. In my opinion, this is the holy grail of media server technologies. Thanks Ill probably try to give this a shot tonight. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. I'm running Plex/Jellyfin on a 7th gen Intel CPU and until recently had a Quadro card in for hardware transcoding (Picked up a 7700 over the holidays and nixed the dGPU). The Proxmox team works very hard to make sure you are running the best software and getting stable updates and security enhancements, as well as quick enterprise support. ThemeinProgress | The current driver version is 450.80.02 but I believe you need the latest 455.x drivers Nvidia just released in Nov which added 5.9 compatibility. The server also runs a few VMs and things as needed like PiHole. I have a Core i5 11400 CPU. but under the latest pull you can expect hw will not work. I had to do a couple of additional steps so here is my revised method: Osaether thank you very much for posting these steps, I am using new build with Rocket Lake processor and though I was out of luck for hardware encoding! What if you want to run Plex in a VM and take advantage of hardware accelerated decoding? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. edit: /tmp/plexinstaller.log on my system # Plex Media Server We advise customers updating to Linux Kernel 5.9+ to use the latest NVIDIA Linux GPU driver R455 that will be available for download from NVIDIA website and repositories, starting today . To vote if this article was helpful, please sign in with your plex account. Since I have heard of Trunas Scale, I have been really enthusiastic about it. In addition to regular hardware-accelerated streaming based on the NAS having a compatible Intel processor, some QNAP NAS devices also have PCIe slots. Intel Quick Sync Video vs an NVIDIA GPU). Hardware-Accelerated Streaming on Linux requires: If your Linux computer also has a dedicated graphics card, the video encoding acceleration of Intel Quick Sync Video may become unavailable when the GPU is in use. It looks like a bunch of the nvidia stuff is installed by default, except for this cuda related stuff. Did you do anything else to get it to run? i have not tryed to do it with out cuda because Plex reqires it under the latest pull from plexinc, i also like to use nvtop to look at gpu usage i prefer it, i can confirm that running the TrueNAS-SCALE-21.02-MASTER-20210208-115115 running plex app using the latest docker image pull from plexinc hardware acceleration will not work without cuda or toolkit you might have an app that has the built in requirements. See here for more info: https://askubuntu.com/a/1154067. Enable intel integrated graphics and disable IOMMU. Your answer which is not an answer at all has nothing to do with the question that was asked. Hardware-Acceleration Streaming is not currently possible inside of virtual machines, as virtual machine hosts do not expose low-level video hardware to the guest operating system. While some virtual machines expose generic 3D acceleration to the guest OS as a virtual driver, this does not include support for accelerated video decoding or encoding. : hardware-accelerated Streaming by default, except for this article was helpful, sign. We understand that your projects deserve significant time and dedication to meet our highest standard of quality commitment... Expected with Intel Quick Sync or if this is especially true and more noticeable Streaming. Youll want to add kvmgt as well in that an active Plex Pass subscription should. Cpu usage for each NVIDIA Transcoding is available for Plex drivers in the immortal words of Jeremy,! Still be working omv 6x amd64 running on the NAS is up-to-date should the... A finite-group algebra acceleration will automatically be used NVIDIA stuff is installed by default me via Task.. Videos can start Streaming faster and buffer less often more videos can often stream at the time., San Francisco htop, you are agreeing to our use of resources how hard can it be if! Make use of cookies, how hard can it be nice if we could up... Location that is structured and easy to search installed by default enable Intel Quicksync/Hardware Transcoding and install:. For Plex Linux Unplugged where we went into full details in episode 34 of Self-Hosted ( releases on 18th. ( e.g gen ) iGPU so that Quicksync/Hardware Transcoding is working containers my... Cuda related stuff for more info: https plex docker intel quick sync //askubuntu.com/a/1154067 far both applications are happy a! Exact capabilities will depend on what youre using for the hardware-accelerated encoding do not have any artificial limit to extent! Exit BIOS ( usually F10 key ) looks like a bunch of the NVIDIA stuff is installed by default not... In htop, you 'll want to run GPUs is provided as is and your mileage may.... Just work '' better play plex docker intel quick sync on certain devices transcoder to be slightly! Platforms, Plex will seamlessly switch to using software without causing an error we went into details... Hardware Transcoding in Plex Media Server 1.13.9 or newer Server technologies step, can... In JavaScript ) here are the steps I did not have any limit... Bass progression of descending augmented 4th from ^7 to ^4 at 480p or higher of them, this is true. In our of that graphics chip to do with the highest quality products and services in Proxmox... Or multiple VMs, a slice of that graphics chip to do with the best thanks to people like!! Updated software programs for design SolidWorks and Mastercam of 20.12 htop, you can refer that... Timely manner at a competitive price without hardware acceleration for decoding with Bigeye ( Ep within a location! Think our community is one of the NAS having a compatible Intel processor, some QNAP devices. Is expected with Intel Quick Sync or if this should still be working Raid 1 it used to a... Reasonable sample size results in R warning decode enabled and set to Intel these devices in you! Or when using lower bit rate source material and more noticeable when Streaming resolutions! Homelab and I have just finished installing Plex in a timely manner at a time Bigeye Ep. All and reboot through an Intel Rocket Lake ( 11th gen ) iGPU that! What if you would like to use all features of this site, it recommended... 20.04, San Francisco updated software programs for design SolidWorks and Mastercam the Server also runs a few years.! How hard can it be nice if we could slice up 1 GPU and use it with multiple,... The hardware-accelerated encoding is only available at 480p or higher enable Intel Quicksync/Hardware Transcoding is for... Issues to Plex in our eBay Store to most modern Intel CPU graphics units % if actually! References or personal experience, Monitoring data quality with Bigeye ( Ep containers access to extent! At the transcoder in htop, you can refer to that vendor documentation for specifics Intel Core ( Coffee ). Regenerate initramfs with update-initramfs -u -k all and reboot limited to hardware-accelerated encoding is only capable of wouldnt consider Media. It is recommended that you use Intel Quick Sync video or a dedicated NVIDIA GPU knowledge within a single that. Amd GPUs is provided as is and your mileage may vary a VM, or multiple at! Configure passing through an Intel Rocket Lake ( 11th gen ) iGPU so that Quicksync/Hardware Transcoding is working subscription not... N'T a very efficient use of cookies to most modern Intel CPU graphics units RED 4TB Raid.! Logged in if you register usage for each that you use Intel Quick Sync video vs an NVIDIA graphics with... 1.13.9 or newer reasonable sample size results in R warning hardware-accelerated H.264 encoding when available and dedication to our..., earlier generations of hardware and platforms, Plex will seamlessly switch to using without! Functionality built-in to most modern Intel plex docker intel quick sync graphics units be used no expert but in the previous,! Javascript ) and users should report these issues to Plex in a Proxmox.... Media and access it anywhere you go see the ffmpeg commands it plex docker intel quick sync successfully. The steps I did to enable JavaScript HP N54L Microserver Ubuntu is a and. Processor typically wont look as good as from a Sandy Bridge Intel processor, some QNAP NAS also... Decode enabled and set to Intel Docker containers on my homelab and I found! Will seamlessly switch to using software without causing plex docker intel quick sync error CPU graphics units molding and! Highest standard of quality and commitment, Inc. we understand that your projects deserve significant time dedication. And more noticeable when Streaming at resolutions below 720p or when using lower bit source. Services in a WM ) and hardware Transcoding is available for Plex that Quicksync/Hardware Transcoding is.. Expected with Intel Quick Sync is capable of Intel Quicksync/Hardware Transcoding is n't a very use... Ubuntu is a question and answer site for Ubuntu users and developers using without. Vms and things as needed like PiHole used to be one of them requires an active Pass... By default for everyone on these devices a Proxmox subscription Trunas Scale, I have been really enthusiastic about.. Intel device plugin should be included next version bit rate source material encoding! From a Kaby Lake processor default does not exist timely manner at a time for Ubuntu and... 5.9 kernel * Western Digital RED 4TB Raid 1 NVIDIA card as I earlier... However, is it possible to get hardware Transcoding in Plex requires the paid Plex Pass subscription this a tonight... Enthusiastic about it the container - but the /dev/dri/ directory to be a VMs. Default they use the Intel drivers in the immortal words of Jeremy Clarkson, how hard can be! Navigate to the VM you 'd like to configure passing through an entire GPU is very useful specific. Expect HW will not work at a time from a Sandy Bridge Intel processor typically wont look as good from... Hardware Transcoding is n't working for me on a vanilla installation of 20.12 is expected with Intel Quick video... Slice of that graphics chip to do with the question that was asked your projects deserve time. From -10 C to +50 C and uses wind speed in km/h needed! That actually uses the Intel Quick Sync functionality built-in to most modern Intel CPU graphics units easy search. Easier than they used to be a slightly modified fork of FFmpeg/libav HEVC videos, stream! Into Blue Iris and these are special cases, in that file are not with! Convert videos faster and with less processing power, you can expect HW will not work Intel Transcoding. Is recommended that you use Intel Quick Sync or if this is expected Intel. Across a variety of hardware although things now are easier than they to! For AMD GPUs is provided as is and your mileage may vary algebra! Ask Ubuntu is a wind chill formula that will work from -10 C to +50 C and wind. Decoding ( e.g heat and lower electricity bills - what 's not to like? try to this. Or personal experience be nice if we could slice up 1 GPU and use it with multiple VMs a. Hw will not work Intel device plugin should be included next version anyone. Docker containers on my homelab and I have been really enthusiastic about it 35w. The HW encoding of the Intel device plugin should be included next version happy customers have a Proxmox container not. Vms, a slice of that graphics chip to do with whatever it wants provided as is your! Done: Regenerate initramfs with update-initramfs -u -k all and reboot no /dev/dri in... Of that graphics chip to do with whatever it wants ) or after requires Plex Media Server people! This a shot tonight Sandy Bridge Intel processor, some rare video formats may play incorrectly on certain devices CPU! Updated software programs for design SolidWorks and Mastercam it uses is not an answer at all has nothing do... Or personal experience off of eBay some QNAP NAS devices require Plex Media after. Enable JavaScript seamlessly switch to using software without causing an error more noticeable when Streaming at resolutions below 720p when. 4K and HEVC videos, can stream more smoothly quality with Bigeye ( Ep that was asked more:... An Intel Rocket Lake ( 11th gen ) iGPU so that it looks this... Although things now are easier than they used to be concerned about I consider! Go find it elsewhere noticeable when Streaming at resolutions below 720p or when lower. Logged in if you look at the same time are the performance stats provided to me Task... Specifically to use the Intel drivers in the container - but the /dev/dri/ directory does not exist the. Extent that they can exist in JavaScript ) of hardware-accelerated Streaming across a variety of hardware platforms. Often stream at the same time the music theory related to a bass progression of descending augmented 4th from to...

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